The GI therefore proposes the following iterative procedure, which can be likened sicuro forms of ‘bootstrapping’

Let incognita represent an unknown document and let y represent verso random target author’s stylistic ‘profile’. During one hundred iterations, it will randomly select (a) fifty per cent of the available stylistic features available (addirittura.g. word frequencies) and (b) thirty distractor authors, or ‘impostors’ from per pool of similar texts. Sopra each iteration, the GI will compute whether quantita is closer esatto y than preciso any of the profiles by the thirty impostors, given the random selection of stylistic features in that iteration. Instead of basing the verification of the direct (first-order) distance between incognita and y, the GI proposes puro supremazia the proportion of iterations mediante which incognita was indeed closer onesto y than puro one of the distractors sampled. This proportion can be considered per second-order metric and will automatically be verso probability between zero and one, indicating the robustness of the identification of the authors of interrogativo and y. Our previous work has already demonstrated that the GI system produces excellent verification results for classical Latin prose.31 31 Compagno the setup in Stover, et al, ‘Computational authorship verification method’ (n. 27, above). Our verification code is publicly available from the following repository: This code is described in: M. Kestemont et al. ‘Authenticating the writings’ (n. 29, above).

For modern documents, Koppel and Winter were even able to report encouraging scores for document sizes as small as 500 words

We have applied per generic implementation of the GI to the HA as follows: we split the individual lives into consecutive samples of 1000 words (i.di nuovo. space-free strings of alphabetic characters), after removing all punctuation.32 32 Previous research (see the publications mentioned per the previous two notes) suggests that 1,000 words is a reasonable document size mediante this context. Each of these samples was analysed individually by pairing it with the profile of one of the HA’s six alleged authors, including the profile consisting of the rest of the samples from its own text. We represented the sample (the ‘anonymous’ document) by verso vector comprising the incomplete frequencies of the 10,000 most frequent tokens durante the entire HA. For each author’s profile, we did the same, although the profile’s vector comprises the average relative frequency of the 10,000 words. Thus, the profiles would be the so-called ‘mean centroid’ of all individual document vectors for per particular author (excluding, of course, the current anonymous document).33 33 Koppel and Seidman, ‘Automatically identifying’ (n. 30, above). Note that the use of a scapolo centroid verso author aims puro reduce, at least partially, the skewed nature of our scadenza, since some authors are much more strongly represented per the corpo or sostrato pool than others. If we were not using centroids but mere text segments, they would have been automaticallysampled more frequently than others during https://datingranking.net/it/lavalife-review/ the imposter bootstrapping.

Puro the left, a clustering has been added on top of the rows, reflecting which groups of samples behave similarly

Next, we ran the verification approach. During one hundred iterations, we would randomly select 5,000 of the available word frequencies. We would also randomly sample thirty impostors from verso large ‘impostor pool’ of documents by Latin authors, including historical writers such as Suetonius and Livy.34 34 See Appendix 2 for the authors sampled. The pool of impostor texts can be inspected in the code repository for this paper. In each iteration, we would check whether the anonymous document was closer sicuro the current author’s profile than to any of the impostors sampled. Sopra this study, we use the ‘minmax’ metric, which was recently introduced con the context of the GI framework.35 35 See Koppel and Winter, ‘Determining if two documents’ (n. 26, above). For each combination of an anonymous text and one of the six target authors’ profiles, we would superiorita the proportion of iterations (i.addirittura. per probability between nulla and one) per which the anonymous document would indeed be attributed puro the target author. The resulting probability table is given per full mediante the appendix preciso this paper. Although we present verso more detailed dialogue of this datazione below, we have added Figure 1 below as an intuitive visualization of the overall results of this approach. This is verso heatmap visualisation of the result of the GI algorithm for 1,000 word samples from the lives con the HA. Cell values (darker colours mean higher values) represent the probability of each sample being attributed esatto one of the alleged HA authors, rather than an imposter from per random selection of distractors.